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前处理工艺：金属件前处理脱脂技术说明
脱脂是金(jin)(jin)属件(jian)(jian)加工的前处(chu)理(li)工艺，基(ji)本上金(jin)(jin)属件(jian)(jian)加工前都有这(zhei)么(me)一(yi)(yi)道工序。主要就是增加镀层附着力。另(ling)外五(wu)金(jin)(jin)件(jian)(jian)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)要经(jing)过电镀设(she)备处(chu)理(li)的，都是冷轧钢(gang)板材(cai)，在自然(ran)环境中(zhong)48小(xiao)时(shi)内就会(hui)(hui)生(sheng)锈(xiu)，所以表(biao)面上一(yi)(yi)般(ban)都会(hui)(hui)涂(tu)上一(yi)(yi)层防锈(xiu)油。这(zhei)跟钢(gang)材(cai)的生(sheng)产工序有关(guan)系。
对(dui)(dui)形(xing)状复(fu)杂(za)(za)(接(jie)缝、盲(mang)孔(kong)状)的小零(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)件(jian)、有(you)色金(jin)属件(jian)、油(you)污严重的零(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)件(jian)及易被碱溶(rong)液腐(fu)蚀(shi)(shi)的零(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)件(jian)初步脱(tuo)(tuo)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)有(you)机(ji)溶(rong)剂(ji)脱(tuo)(tuo)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，此(ci)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)皂化(hua)油(you)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)非油(you)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)均能(neng)(neng)溶(rong)解，一般(ban)不腐(fu)蚀(shi)(shi)零(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)件(jian)。脱(tuo)(tuo)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)快，但不彻(che)底(di)，需用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)化(hua)学或电化(hua)学方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)补充(chong)脱(tuo)(tuo)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。有(you)机(ji)溶(rong)剂(ji)易燃;有(you)毒、成本较高。一般(ban)零(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)件(jian)脱(tuo)(tuo)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)化(hua)学脱(tuo)(tuo)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，此(ci)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)简便(bian)(bian)，设(she)备(bei)简单(dan)，成本低(di)，但脱(tuo)(tuo)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)时间长。一般(ban)零(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)件(jian)的脱(tuo)(tuo)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或阳极去(qu)除浸湿(shi)(shi)残渣可(ke)(ke)(ke)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)电化(hua)学脱(tuo)(tuo)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，此(ci)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)脱(tuo)(tuo)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)效率高，能(neng)(neng)除去(qu)零(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)件(jian)表面的浮灰，浸湿(shi)(shi)残渣等机(ji)械杂(za)(za)质(zhi)，但阴极电解脱(tuo)(tuo)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)零(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)件(jian)易渗氢(qing)，深孔(kong)内(nei)油(you)污去(qu)除较慢，且需有(you)直流电源(yuan)。大(da)、中型(xing)零(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)件(jian)或不宜用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)其他方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)脱(tuo)(tuo)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的零(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)件(jian)可(ke)(ke)(ke)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)擦拭脱(tuo)(tuo)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，此(ci)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)操作灵活方(fang)(fang)便(bian)(bian)，不受零(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)件(jian)限制(zhi)，但劳动(dong)强度大(da)工效低(di)。精度不太(tai)高的小型(xing)零(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)件(jian)可(ke)(ke)(ke)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)滚筒脱(tuo)(tuo)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，此(ci)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)功(gong)效高，质(zhi)量好，但不适应于大(da)零(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)件(jian)和(he)易变形(xing)的零(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)件(jian)。形(xing)状复(fu)杂(za)(za)特殊零(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)件(jian)脱(tuo)(tuo)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)超声波(bo)脱(tuo)(tuo)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，此(ci)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)对(dui)(dui)基体腐(fu)蚀(shi)(shi)小、脱(tuo)(tuo)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)效率高、净化(hua)效果好。复(fu)杂(za)(za)零(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)件(jian)边角、细孔(kong)、盲(mang)孔(kong)以及空腔内(nei)壁等都能(neng)(neng)彻(che)底(di)脱(tuo)(tuo)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。
一(yi)(yi)般的，温度越(yue)高(gao)(gao)(gao)，脱(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)脂(zhi)越(yue)彻底。但并不所有(you)(you)(you)场(chang)合都(dou)为温度越(yue)高(gao)(gao)(gao)越(yue)好，各(ge)种脱(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)脂(zhi)剂(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)(you)其(qi)适合温度范围，采(cai)某一(yi)(yi)种类表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)活性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)剂(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)脱(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)脂(zhi)液中，过高(gao)(gao)(gao)温度使(shi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)活性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)剂(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)析出聚集如同(tong)油(you)珠附着于(yu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)上，造成磷化膜(mo)发花(hua)不均匀。保证(zheng)有(you)(you)(you)足够脱(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)脂(zhi)时间，压力(li)喷(pen)射脱(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)脂(zhi)时间一(yi)(yi)般一(yi)(yi)点(dian)五(wu)到三分钟(zhong)，浸(jin)渍脱(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)脂(zhi)三到五(wu)分钟(zhong)。借助压力(li)喷(pen)射，搅拌(ban)等机械作用非常(chang)有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)，喷(pen)射时迫使(shi)新鲜脱(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)脂(zhi)溶(rong)液，零件表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)具良(liang)好接触，且整脱(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)脂(zhi)液含量(liang)均匀，利于(yu)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)脱(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)脂(zhi)效(xiao)(xiao)果。脱(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)脂(zhi)剂(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的组(zu)成和(he)使(shi)用方法对脱(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)脂(zhi)效(xiao)(xiao)果有(you)(you)(you)很大的影(ying)响，为提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)油(you)污乳化，分散(san)能力(li)，适当提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)脱(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)脂(zhi)剂(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)活性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)剂(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)含量(liang)为有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)，不同(tong)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)活性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)剂(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)品种，不同(tong)碱性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)物(wu)都(dou)使(shi)脱(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)脂(zhi)效(xiao)(xiao)果产生一(yi)(yi)定(ding)差异，良(liang)好脱(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)脂(zhi)剂(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)都(dou)经大量(liang)试验(yan)，对其(qi)组(zu)分相(xiang)互搭配比例进行反复筛选(xuan)而确(que)定(ding)的。
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